In the law of the Middle Ages and early Modern Period and especially within the Holy Roman Empire, an allod (Old Low Franconianallōd ‘fully owned estate’, from all ‘full, entire’ and ōd ‘estate’, Medieval Latinallodium), also allodial land or allodium,[1] is an estate in land over which the allodial landowner (allodiary) had full ownership and right of alienation.
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Most people chose this as the best definition of allods: Plural form of allod. See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. Plural of allod. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Description[edit]
Historically holders of allods are a type of sovereign.[2] Allodial land is described as territory or a state where the holder asserted right to the land by the grace of god and the sun.
For this reason they were historically equal to other princes regardless of what the size of their territory was or what title they used. This definition is confirmed by the acclaimed Jurist Hugo Grotius, the father of international law and the concept of sovereignty. 'holders of allodial land are sovereign' because allodial land is by nature free, hereditary, inherited from their forefathers, sovereign and held by the grace of God. [3]
This form of ownership meant that the landowner owed no feudal duties to any other person. An allod could be inherited freely according to the usual law of the land. To begin with, the income from allodial estates was not even liable for taxes paid to any other sovereigns including the territorial princes (Landesfürsten).
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In all of these ways, the allod differed from fiefs, which were mere tenures held by feudatories (Lehnsmänner) or their vassals (Vasallen). Overall suzerainty in a fief remained with the feudal lord, who could require of his vassals certain services which varied from vassal to vassal. Also, the ownership of a fief was split so that a lord had dominium directum and his tenant in fee had dominium utile (German nutzbares Eigentum). By contrast, an allodiary had a full freehold interest — or dominium plenum (volles Eigentum) — in his allod. This was also reflected in the contemporaneous synonym for an allod, Erbe und Eigen (loosely 'inheritance and ownership'). Borough properties were usually allodial in nature. Likewise, ecclesiastical institutions (e.g. abbeys and cathedrals) owned allodial estates.
The conversion of a fief into a freehold — a familiar process in the 19th century — is called enfranchisement. Ownership of enfranchised fiefs continued to be limited, however, to the rights of the former feudatories. Only the overall suzerainty of the feudal lord over the estate was repealed, while the rights of the feudatory remained unaffected. Such an enfranchised fief became analogous to entailment (Familienfideikommiss); often it was explicitly converted into a fee tail (Fideikommissgut).
Emergence and historical development[edit]
The allod as a form of ownership was established among the Germanic tribes and peoples, before it became part of the feudal system. Land that was originally held in common by the whole community was transferred to a single individual. The freemen of the Germanic peoples divided or drew lots for the land in the countries they had conquered and taken possession of. This gave rise to the essential character of the allodial estate: a freely-owned property allocated and guaranteed by the will of the whole people or by the people's law (Volksgesetz). The landowner was independent of any superiors and free of any property right restrictions.
In many regions only allodiaries were counted as freemen, i.e., those who enjoyed all common, public rights and duties. They served as territorial assemblymen (Landesgemeinde). The allodiaries of the early Middle Ages are one of the groups out of which the nobility sprang over time. They saw themselves as equal partners of the territorial lords, because they participated alongside them as members of the territorial assembly and were not their vassals. The freedoms associated with allodial estates (tax exemption, hunting rights, etc.) were only exercised by the nobility in most states - even if, after 1500, they had to subordinate themselves increasingly to the territorial princes (as part of the establishment of statehood) - who remained, politically and economically, the most influential group of landowners. The term ‘allod’ occurs only in the Franconian region and those territories influenced legally by Frankish tribes. After the Battle of Hastings in 1066, there were no more allods in England at all (though Lundy was later deemed to not be in England) and, in France, allodial estates existed mainly in the south. In Germany, the allodial estates were mainly those owned by the nobility in the south. There were many lords who founded their powerful position on extensive allodial estates in the eastern Alpine countries and the lands of the Bohemian Crown. The king as lord paramount never exercised lordship over the whole Empire.
An allodial estate could also be created when a lord renounced his rights in favour of his vassal. Deforested land was considered allodial by the princes. Conversely, free territorial lords were sometimes punished by the Emperor by converting their allodial land into fiefs.
The differences between the two forms of medieval ownership - the fief and the allod - diminished over time. Firstly, vassals were no longer required to render services from the 17th century at the latest, and vassals’ rights of inheritance became much stronger in the early modern period, and, secondly, the territorial princes were able to force freemen in the 16th century to make regular tax payments. In the 19th century, feudal law was finally gradually abolished in most European countries largely due to the Napoleonic wars and the influence of the Napoleonic Code. It fully integrated the ius commune system of ownership as a full right in rem. While in France the régime féodal was ended in 1789 by the stroke of the pen under the Revolutionary legislature, in Germany it was not until the mid-20th century that feudal law was formally abolished in 1947 by Allied Control Council law. In most of Scotland, the feudal system was abolished in the early 21st century; allodial tenure still exists in Shetland and Orkney.
See also[edit]
Literature[edit]
- Otto Brunner: Land und Herrschaft. Grundfragen der territorialen Verfassungsgeschichte Österreichs im Mittelalter. 5th edition, Rohrer, Vienna, 1965 (Unamended reprographic copy of the 5th edition: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1984, ISBN3-534-09466-2).
References[edit]
- ^Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch bei uni-heidelberg.de
- ^Adam, Frank (1970). The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN978-0-8063-0448-9.
- ^Adam, Frank (1970). The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN978-0-8063-0448-9.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allod&oldid=979143453'
Allods Satire
In a world of magic and war, you take on the role of hero set on a quest to unite the raging factions.
There are many titles that try to gain the chance of being called 'the most popular MMORPG of the moment.' Some games have already been holding to these titles for some years now, while others try to copy the former's success while adding some original twists to it.Allods Online: Awakening is one such MMO, as some may argue that it is a Russian version of World of Warcraft. However, one hour spent in the game will prove that that is a grievous misconception.
A fantasy art style that will appeal to anyone
The game doesn't have AAA graphics with complex shaders or incredible particle density when it comes to lighting or spells, instead choosing to adopt the semi-cartoonish art style that is similar somewhat to WoW.Undeniably the game looks good, as the environment is full of details, and so are the structures, NPCs, and mobs.You may play as one of the eight races, each gaining access to some of the available classes. As far as originality goes, the game does bring some new content when it comes to the races. For example, while it does have 2 'human' races, they have their unique twist on the classical 'undead' race, as they are more like zombie-cyborg hybrids, similar to the Necrons from the Warhammer series.
Fight as one of the 11 available classes
Depending on the race you choose, you gain access or are restricted from using certain classes. Along with the ever-present archetypes 9the warrior, mage, archer, rogue, and healer), you also gain access to a plethora of hybrid classes, allowing great customization of groups when it comes to running instanced content.As for the story, it all revolves around a magical world that combines spells, steam craft and celestial space battles, allowing players to experience something rarely (if ever) seen in other MMOs.
Fight both PvE or PvP
It doesn't matter if you're hooked on the story, or you love bashing other player character's heads in with your mace, there is always tons of content to explore. You have everything you could expect from a fantasy MMO, from quests to grinding, to raids and battlegrounds, thus allowing you always to have something to do, regardless if you've reached the level cap.Another thing worth commenting is that despite the game being released for some time now, it has had its fair share of expansions and updates, so you know that the developers will listen to what the players demand.The culmination and a unique feature of this game is the ability to perform gunship battles: multi-player instanced combat where the objective is to destroy the opposing team's (or NPC's) ship. Each player has their own role, from giving out orders to manually aiming and firing the ship's cannons, similar to fights seen in pirate movies.
Fight by sword, spell or gunship
Allods Online is a must-try for anyone that thinks of themselves as fantasy MMO fans, especially if they think all other titles they have tried are starting to get more and more generic.
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Allods Online: Awakening was reviewed by Teodor Nechita4.5/5
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS- OS: Windows Vista/XP/2000
- CPU: 2 GHz
- RAM: 1024 MB
- Video: NVIDIA GeForce 7600 GS 256 MB / ATI Radeon X1600 256 MB
- HDD: 4 GB
- Internet Access
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New in Allods Online: Awakening 9.0.00.64:- Events that have never been launched before, for example, the Cross-server Dominion;
- Stability and performance patches and content updates coming out more regularly than before;
- And many other great things.
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This enables Disqus, Inc. to process some of your data. Disqus privacy policyAllods Online: Awakening 10.0.01.04.1 of 06.08.2019
add to watchlistsend us an update- runs on:
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